URL Generation
Introduction
Laravel provides several helpers to assist you in generating URLs for your application. These helpers are primarily helpful when building links in your templates and API responses, or when generating redirect responses to another part of your application.
The Basics
Generating URLs
The url helper may be used to generate arbitrary URLs for your application. The generated URL will automatically use the scheme (HTTP or HTTPS) and host from the current request being handled by the application:
$post = App\Models\Post::find(1);
echo url("/posts/{$post->id}");
// http://example.com/posts/1
Accessing The Current URL
If no path is provided to the url helper, an Illuminate\Routing\UrlGenerator instance is returned, allowing you to access information about the current URL:
// Get the current URL without the query string...
echo url()->current();
// Get the current URL including the query string...
echo url()->full();
// Get the full URL for the previous request...
echo url()->previous();
Each of these methods may also be accessed via the URL facade:
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\URL;
echo URL::current();
URLs For Named Routes
The route helper may be used to generate URLs to named routes. Named routes allow you to generate URLs without being coupled to the actual URL defined on the route. Therefore, if the route's URL changes, no changes need to be made to your calls to the route function. For example, imagine your application contains a route defined like the following:
Route::get('/post/{post}', function (Post $post) {
//
})->name('post.show');
To generate a URL to this route, you may use the route helper like so:
echo route('post.show', ['post' => 1]);
// http://example.com/post/1
Of course, the route helper may also be used to generate URLs for routes with multiple parameters:
Route::get('/post/{post}/comment/{comment}', function (Post $post, Comment $comment) {
//
})->name('comment.show');
echo route('comment.show', ['post' => 1, 'comment' => 3]);
// http://example.com/post/1/comment/3
Any additional array elements that do not correspond to the route's definition parameters will be added to the URL's query string:
echo route('post.show', ['post' => 1, 'search' => 'rocket']);
// http://example.com/post/1?search=rocket
Eloquent Models
You will often be generating URLs using the route key (typically the primary key) of Eloquent models. For this reason, you may pass Eloquent models as parameter values. The route helper will automatically extract the model's route key:
echo route('post.show', ['post' => $post]);
Signed URLs
Laravel allows you to easily create "signed" URLs to named routes. These URLs have a "signature" hash appended to the query string which allows Laravel to verify that the URL has not been modified since it was created. Signed URLs are especially useful for routes that are publicly accessible yet need a layer of protection against URL manipulation.
For example, you might use signed URLs to implement a public "unsubscribe" link that is emailed to your customers. To create a signed URL to a named route, use the signedRoute method of the URL facade:
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\URL;
return URL::signedRoute('unsubscribe', ['user' => 1]);
If you would like to generate a temporary signed route URL that expires after a specified amount of time, you may use the temporarySignedRoute method. When Laravel validates a temporary signed route URL, it will ensure that the expiration timestamp that is encoded into the signed URL has not elapsed:
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\URL;
return URL::temporarySignedRoute(
'unsubscribe', now()->addMinutes(30), ['user' => 1]
);
Validating Signed Route Requests
To verify that an incoming request has a valid signature, you should call the hasValidSignature method on the incoming Request:
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
Route::get('/unsubscribe/{user}', function (Request $request) {
if (! $request->hasValidSignature()) {
abort(401);
}
// ...
})->name('unsubscribe');
Alternatively, you may assign the Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\ValidateSignature middleware to the route. If it is not already present, you should assign this middleware a key in your HTTP kernel's routeMiddleware array:
/**
* The application's route middleware.
*
* These middleware may be assigned to groups or used individually.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $routeMiddleware = [
'signed' => \Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\ValidateSignature::class,
];
Once you have registered the middleware in your kernel, you may attach it to a route. If the incoming request does not have a valid signature, the middleware will automatically return a 403 HTTP response:
Route::post('/unsubscribe/{user}', function (Request $request) {
// ...
})->name('unsubscribe')->middleware('signed');
Responding To Invalid Signed Routes
When someone visits a signed URL that has expired, they will receive a generic error page for the 403 HTTP status code. However, you can customize this behavior by defining a custom "renderable" closure for the InvalidSignatureException exception in your exception handler. This closure should return an HTTP response:
use Illuminate\Routing\Exceptions\InvalidSignatureException;
/**
* Register the exception handling callbacks for the application.
*
* @return void
*/
public function register()
{
$this->renderable(function (InvalidSignatureException $e) {
return response()->view('error.link-expired', [], 403);
});
}
URLs For Controller Actions
The action function generates a URL for the given controller action:
use App\Http\Controllers\HomeController;
$url = action([HomeController::class, 'index']);
If the controller method accepts route parameters, you may pass an associative array of route parameters as the second argument to the function:
$url = action([UserController::class, 'profile'], ['id' => 1]);
Default Values
For some applications, you may wish to specify request-wide default values for certain URL parameters. For example, imagine many of your routes define a {locale} parameter:
Route::get('/{locale}/posts', function () {
//
})->name('post.index');
It is cumbersome to always pass the locale every time you call the route helper. So, you may use the URL::defaults method to define a default value for this parameter that will always be applied during the current request. You may wish to call this method from a route middleware so that you have access to the current request:
<?php
namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\URL;
class SetDefaultLocaleForUrls
{
/**
* Handle the incoming request.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @param \Closure $next
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
URL::defaults(['locale' => $request->user()->locale]);
return $next($request);
}
}
Once the default value for the locale parameter has been set, you are no longer required to pass its value when generating URLs via the route helper.
URL Defaults & Middleware Priority
Setting URL default values can interfere with Laravel's handling of implicit model bindings. Therefore, you should prioritize your middleware that set URL defaults to be executed before Laravel's own SubstituteBindings middleware. You can accomplish this by making sure your middleware occurs before the SubstituteBindings middleware within the $middlewarePriority property of your application's HTTP kernel.
The $middlewarePriority property is defined in the base Illuminate\Foundation\Http\Kernel class. You may copy its definition from that class and overwrite it in your application's HTTP kernel in order to modify it:
/**
* The priority-sorted list of middleware.
*
* This forces non-global middleware to always be in the given order.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $middlewarePriority = [
// ...
\App\Http\Middleware\SetDefaultLocaleForUrls::class,
\Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\SubstituteBindings::class,
// ...
];